Konsep Kebebasan John Stuart Mill: Telaah Kritis Terhadap Liberalisme Menurut Naquib Al-Attas
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Abstract
Individual freedom as a fundamental right that should not be restricted except to prevent harm to others (harm principle)—is regarded by Mill as a prerequisite for achieving happiness and as the primary means for moral progress and intellectual development within society. However, this view is challenged by al-Attas, who argues that true freedom is not absolute, but rather spiritual freedom bound by Islamic law (shari'ah) and guided by true knowledge. In al-Attas's perspective, freedom must be anchored in the Islamic worldview, which encompasses the concepts of revelation, humanity, knowledge, and ethics. Given the tension between secular liberal freedom and spiritual freedom in Islam, which is oriented toward ultimate truth, this study seeks to critically examine John Stuart Mill’s concept of freedom and analyze it from the perspective of Naquib al-Attas. Using a comparative approach, the research aims to uncover both the commonalities and fundamental differences between these two paradigms. The notion of freedom as the absolute right to think, speak, and act so long as no harm is caused to others is seen as potentially leading to moral emptiness and domination by base desires. Freedom, from the Islamic perspective, is not about unrestricted personal autonomy, but about liberation from ignorance, desires, and secular influences, in order to attain full awareness of one’s role as a servant of God and a vicegerent (khalifah) on earth.
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