Peran Perempuan dalam Pengelolaan Hutan Kemasyarakatan (HKm): Studi Kasus KTH Sari Hutan di Kelurahan Bokin, Kecamatan Rantebua, Kabupaten Toraja Utara
The Social Forestry Program through the Community Forest (HKm) scheme is a government initiative aimed at improving community welfare while preserving forest sustainability. In its implementation, community participation often reflects gender-based differences in roles, where women frequently face constraints rooted in social values and norms when accessing and managing forest resources. This study aims to examine the level of women’s involvement in HKm management and to identify the factors influencing such participation within the Sari Hutan Forest Farmer Group (KTH) in Bokin Village, Rantebua Subdistrict, North Toraja Regency. This research adopts a descriptive approach by integrating both quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were collected through field observations, in-depth interviews, literature review, and documentation. Respondents were determined using a census method involving all seven female members of KTH Sari Hutan, while key informants were selected through purposive sampling. Data analysis employed a scoring technique based on a Likert scale across three main aspects: area governance, business governance, and institutional governance. Overall, women in KTH Sari Hutan demonstrate a high level of involvement in HKm management. Based on normalization results, women’s roles are most dominant in area governance (41.7%), followed by business governance (36.5%), and lowest in institutional governance (21.8%). The high level of participation in technical aspects (area and business governance) is evident in their active involvement in planting, harvesting, and processing non-timber forest products (NTFPs). However, despite strong physical and operational engagement, women’s participation in strategic decision-making at the institutional level remains limited due to male-dominated leadership structures. This level of involvement is influenced by social factors (patriarchal culture), generally low levels of education (elementary to junior high school), institutional structures, and economic motivations to support household needs.
Women’s Role; Social Forestry; Community Forest (HKm); Forest Governance; Gender Equality; Sari Hutan Forest Farmer Group (KTH)
Copyright (c) 2026 Pirka Yanti, Ridwan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Peran Kerjasama Nato dan Ukraina Terhadap Keamanan Ukraina
Ukraine’s security has become a crucial issue in the Euro-Atlantic security architecture due to its geopolitical position as a bridge between Western Europe and Eurasia, particularly following the 2014 annexation of Crimea and the 2022 Russian invasion. Cooperation with NATO through programs such as the Partnership for Peace (1994), the NATO–Ukraine Commission (1997), the Comprehensive Assistance Package (CAP, 2016), NATO Security Assistance and Training for Ukraine (NSATU, 2024), and the Joint Analysis, Training and Education Centre (JATEC, 2025) has driven Ukraine’s military modernization, despite challenges related to external dependency and the integration of Soviet and NATO systems. This research is based on the problem formulation of how NATO–Ukraine cooperation influences Ukraine’s security. The study employs a qualitative method with a case study design, utilizing secondary data collected from literature, official NATO documents, academic journals, and policy reports from the 2014–2025 period. The findings indicate that NATO–Ukraine cooperation plays a significant role in strengthening Ukraine’s security. First, the evolution of military modernization—through the initial phase (2014–2016), acceleration phase (2022–2023), and institutionalization phase (2024–2025)—has enhanced combat capabilities, C4ISR communications, and joint exercises such as Rapid Trident. Second, NATO–Ukraine cooperation has reformed institutional structures, promoted military professionalization, and strengthened civilian control, thereby reducing corruption and internal vulnerabilities. Third, the emergence of a developing security community through the integration of NATO norms has fostered mutual trust and regional stability. The implications include Ukraine’s political stability as an active buffer state and its contribution to the Euro-Atlantic security architecture, although these gains remain constrained by dependence on external assistance.
NATO-Ukraine Cooperation, Role, Ukraine Security
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Muhsin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Kisah Ashabul A’rab dalam QS. al-A’raf 46-49: Analisis Tafsir Mafatih al-Ghaib li Ar-Razzi dengan Teori Paul Ricoeur
The story of Ashābul A‘rāf in Q.S. Al-A‘raf verses 46-49 portrays a group of people positioned between paradise and hell. They are called Ashābul A‘rāf because they stand on a high place (al-a‘rāf), symbolizing their uncertain fate. This research aims to examine ar-Razi’s interpretation of Ashābul A‘rāf in Tafsīr Mafātīḥ al-Ghaib and analyze its moral relevance through Paul Ricoeur’s hermeneutic approach, particularly the concept of caution in performing deeds. This is a library research using a Tahlīlī interpretation method and Paul Ricoeur’s hermeneutic framework. The findings reveal that, according to al-Razi, Ashābul A‘rāf are people whose good and bad deeds are balanced. They stand between paradise and hell, witnessing both, and eventually, by God’s mercy, they are admitted into paradise. Through Ricoeur’s threefold mimesis (mimesis I–III), the story symbolizes the moral journey of human beings, emphasizing the importance of self-awareness and ethical caution in modern life.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wahyu Maulana Afrian Ardiansyah, Fuad Faqih (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Unsur Penting Kejayaan Kepemimpinan Nabi Muhammad Saw dalam Perang: Studi Komparatif Perang Badar dan Uhud
This study aims to analyze the leadership of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in two pivotal historical events, namely the Battle of Badr and the Battle of Uhud, using a comparative approach within the framework of modern leadership theory. This research employs a qualitative method through library research, drawing upon classical Islamic sources as well as relevant contemporary literature. The findings reveal that the success of the Battle of Badr was driven by a combination of strategic leadership, consultative decision-making (shura), firmness, and strong spirituality, supported by a high level of follower compliance. In contrast, the Battle of Uhud illustrates a case of partial failure resulting from members’ non-compliance with the leader’s instructions, despite the leader’s optimal performance. These findings emphasize that leadership is not merely an individual attribute but a relational phenomenon significantly influenced by follower behavior. The novelty of this study lies in its integration of prophetic leadership values with modern leadership theories through a comparative analysis of two major historical events. The implications suggest that effective leadership requires a synergy between leader capacity, follower commitment, and moral-spiritual dimensions within an organization.
Prophetic Leadership, Battle of Badr, Battle of Uhud, Modern Leadership, Follower Behavior, Transformational Leadership
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Chuzaemah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dekonstruksi Ambivalensi Konsumen Muslim Dalam Dual Banking System: Kesenjangan Literasi Keuangan Syariah Dan Loyalitas Perbankan
The Dual Banking System in Indonesia presents a unique dynamic in Muslim consumer behavior, particularly related to the gap between Islamic financial literacy and loyalty to Islamic banking. Although Islamic financial literacy has shown an increase in recent years, the level of inclusion and use of Islamic banking services remains relatively low compared to conventional banking. This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of ambivalence among Muslim consumers in the dual banking system and examine the relationship between Islamic financial literacy and customer loyalty to Islamic banks. Muslim consumers tend to have a high level of loyalty to Islamic values, but in practice, they continue to use conventional banking services due to factors such as efficiency, service quality, ease of access, and the structure of the Dual Banking System that allows both to operate simultaneously. These findings indicate that consumer ambivalence is a structural phenomenon that cannot be resolved solely through increased literacy, but requires strengthening the Islamic banking ecosystem through policies, innovative services, and improving the quality of institutions.
Muslim Consumer Ambivalence; Dual Banking System; Islamic Financial Literacy; Banking Loyalty
Copyright (c) 2026 Moh. Taufik Saidul Akbar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementation of Temporary Protection Policies for Syrian Refugees in Turkey and Ukrainian Refugees in Italy 2022-2025: A Comparative Study
This study analyzes the implementation of Temporary Protection policies in response to the increasing flow of refugees across borders, focusing on Turkey and Italy for the period 2022–2025. The research aims to understand how differences in policy systems influence the effectiveness of protection in guaranteeing refugee rights and supporting integration. A qualitative, comparative approach is employed, using Matt Wilder's Comparative Public Policy (CPP) framework, which emphasizes the role of institutional configurations, policy discourses, ideas and norms, and political culture. The results show that Turkey adopts a centralized and pragmatic national system, enabling a rapid response but with limited legal certainty and long-term integration. In contrast, Italy operates within the supranational framework of the European Union through the Temporary Protection Directive (TPD), which provides more stable and rights-based protection despite challenges to coordination. The study highlights the trade-off between policy flexibility and protection stability and suggests that policy effectiveness is determined more by the public policy system than by humanitarian considerations alone.
Temporary Protection, Comparative Public Policy, Refugees, Turkey, Italy
Copyright (c) 2026 M Al Bryan, Dwi Ardiyanti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ICRC's Strategy In Addressing Victims Of Explosive Remnants Of War (ERW) In The Myanmar Civil War In 2022-2023
This study aims to analyze the ICRC's strategy in dealing with ERW victims in Myanmar's civil conflict for the 2022–2023 period. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) acts as a neutral humanitarian actor with an international mandate to protect and assist victims of the Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) conflict. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach and data collection techniques through literature studies. The analytical framework used is the concept of Transnational Advocacy Networks from Keck and Sikkink, which includes information politics, symbolic politics, leverage politics, and accountability politics and also Humanitarian Actors from Micheal Barnett. The results show that the ICRC carries out a direct humanitarian assistance role through medical services, physical rehabilitation, and ERW risk education. The ICRC also plays an active role in transnational advocacy to encourage compliance with international humanitarian law through the dissemination of information and also educational programs on the dangers of explosive remnants, the use of landmine survivors symbols, moblization of shame and also the affirmation of the Convention on Certain Weapons (CCW).
Copyright (c) 2026 Achmad Aqiel A.S, Novi Rizka Amalia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Model Bimbingan dan Konseling Multibudaya
Multicultural counseling has become increasingly important in culturally diverse societies such as Indonesia, where differences in values, norms, and individual backgrounds can influence the counseling process. This study aims to examine the concepts, models, and types of multicultural guidance and counseling, as well as the importance of multicultural competence for counselors. The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach using a literature review method by analyzing relevant books and scientific journals. The findings indicate that the effectiveness of multicultural counseling is largely determined by the counselor’s ability to understand clients’ cultural backgrounds, avoid subjective bias, and adapt counseling approaches accordingly. Several models can be applied, including the culture-centered model, integrative model, and ethnomedical model, as well as etic, emic, and transcultural approaches. The results highlight that a lack of cultural sensitivity may reduce the effectiveness of the counseling process. Therefore, enhancing multicultural competence is essential for counselors to provide inclusive, adaptive, and culturally responsive services for clients from diverse backgrounds.
Multicultural Counseling, Cultural Sensitivity, Counselor Competence
Copyright (c) 2026 Ngampuni, Bakhrudin All Habsy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Profesi Pa’ala Wai Sauq Sebagai Sumber Pendapatan Dan Kebiasaan Mengonsumsi Di Desa Sepa Batu
Massauq wai or drawing water, has been a long-standing tradition inherited by the people of Sepa Batu Village for generations. The dependence on wai sauq has existed for a long time and remains unchanged until nowadays. Despite the increasing availability of commercially produced mineral water, many residents have not shifted their preference and continue to consume wai sauq. Consequently, the profession of pa’ala wai sauq or traditional water collectors has persisted to the present time. This writing aims to understand how the profession of pa’ala or wai sauq producers survives amid contemporary life, which already offers certified mineral water sources. Also, this writing seeks to reveal the habits and reasons behind why people still consume wai sauq in their daily lives. To collect data, the authors conducted a literature review of previous works, interviewed producers and consumers of wai sauq, and carried out direct field observations of the wai sauq production process. The research findings indicate that for the people of Sepa Batu, wai sauq is not merely water consumed for daily needs. Rather, it has become an integral part of the community’s socio-cultural and economic ecosystem. Moreover, wai sauq has been believed to have efficacy which has not been had by other mineral water. Ultimately, wai sauq has established an economic ecosystem for a segment of the community, making its continued use deeply embedded and not easily replaced.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eko Surya Alamsyah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Relevansi Syair Al-Farazdaq dengan Geliat Perkembangan Sastra Arab Pada Era Daulah Umayyah (Sebuah Penjelajahan Awal)
Arabic poetry plays a crucial role in cultural and literary expression during the Umayyah Caliphate (661–750 M). Al-Farazdaq, one of the leading poets of this period, is known for his works, which are rich in language and brimming with imagery and metaphors. This article analyzes Al-Farazdaq’s poems, identifies major themes such as al-madh, al-haja’, and al-hayah al-ijtima’iyyah wa al-siyasah, and explores his contributions to the development of Arabic literature. This is a qualitative study. The data collection techniques used include documentary study, text analysis, data recording, and source triangulation. The data analysis methods employed are data reduction, data categorization and coding, and content analysis. The findings of this study are: (1) Through the use of qasidah and other literary genres, Al-Farazdaq helps enrich the Arabic language and strengthen Arab-Islamic cultural identity; (2) Al-Farazdaq’s works not only reflects the social and political dynamics of the Umayyah Caliphate but also have a long-term impact on the overall tradition of Arabic literature; (3) There are five main categories related to the development of poetry during the Umayyah Caliphate: personal poetry, moral poetry, political poetry, social poetry, and religious poetry; (4) Al-Farazdaq’s poetry plays a significant role, particularly in the political sphere during the Umayyah Caliphate, including as a tool for political propaganda, a means of al-ittishol, a vehicle for public opinion, and an instrument for criticizing the rulers.
Al-Farazdaq; Poet; History of Arabic Literature; Umayyah Caliphate; Themes of Poetry
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Sirfi Fatoni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Menelaah Karya Misbah Musthafa dalam Kitab Tafsir Al-Iklīl fī Ma’ānī Al-Tanzīl
One of the significant works in the corpus of Qur’anic exegesis in the Indonesian archipelago is Tafsir Al-Iklīl fī Maʿānī al-Tanzīl by Misbah Musthafa. This study aims to identify, classify, and critically analyze the sources referenced by Misbah Musthafa, including those derived from the classical tradition of Qur’anic exegesis as well as other relevant materials. It also seeks to systematically examine the structure and pattern of the tafsir’s composition in order to understand its methodological characteristics. This research aims to explore how the exegetical approach employed in this work bridges the Qur’anic text with the socio-cultural context of local communities, thereby producing interpretations that are both contextual and applicable. This study adopts a qualitative approach by utilizing the tafsir text as the primary source, supported by relevant secondary literature such as scholarly articles and studies on Qur’anic exegesis. The qualitative method is employed to uncover the intellectual framework underlying the composition of Tafsir Al-Iklīl. The findings reveal that Misbah Musthafa integrates the methods of tafsīr bi al-maʾtsūr (transmitted exegesis) and tafsīr bi al-raʾy (reason-based exegesis) in a balanced manner, while maintaining strong reliance on classical references such as Tafsir al-Jalālayn and Tafsir al-Baydawi. In terms of its structure, the tafsir is systematically organized, beginning with literal reading, followed by syntactic analysis, and culminating in contextual interpretation tailored to the needs of local readers. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics of local Qur’anic exegesis as an integral part of the global Islamic intellectual tradition. It also highlights the importance of further scholarly engagement with Nusantara tafsir works, which have not yet received sufficient academic attention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Azka Ubaidillah, Laily Liddini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sintesis Termoregulasi dan Eko-Teologi : Reinterpretasi Tipologi Atap Sulapa Eppa pada Hunian Modern Berbasis Syariah di Sulawesi Selatan
Current residential architecture in South Sulawesi is trapped in a dichotomy between adopting climate-unresponsive Western-minimalist styles and Middle Eastern architectural formalism that ignores the tropical context. This study aims to redefine the concept of "Shade" through a synthesis of the Sulapa Eppa philosophy (the four universal elements) and Islamic eco-theological principles in modern residential architecture. The research methodology employs a qualitative-descriptive approach supported by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) digital simulations to measure thermal performance in vernacular tiered-roof prototypes. The results indicate that integrating air cavities into the Sulapa Eppa roof structure can passively reduce indoor temperatures by 3°C to 5°C, while simultaneously fulfilling privacy criteria (hijab) and spiritual comfort through natural lighting management. These findings confirm that South Sulawesi's vernacular architecture inherently aligns with the Islamic principle of Khalifah fil Ardh (steward of the earth). This research provides a theoretical contribution to the development of Sharia housing standards that focus not only on legalistic-financial aspects but also on environmental responsibility and local sustainability.
Vernacular Architecture; South Sulawesi; Sulapa Eppa; Eco-Theology; Thermoregulation; Sharia Housing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmat Rizal, Rahmansah, Ahmad Sirfi Fatoni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring The Meaning, Identity, And Ideological Symbolism In Behemoth’s The Satanist: Philosophical Language Analysis
The song lyrics in extreme music genres function not only as aesthetic expressions but also as complex sites of philosophical meaning, identity construction, and ideological struggle. This study examines how language operates as a medium of philosophical resistance and identity articulation in Behemoth’s album The Satanist. Grounded in the philosophy of language and semiotic theory, this research aims to explore three interrelated dimensions: the construction of philosophical meaning, the formation of individual and collective identity, and the articulation of ideological symbolism embedded in the album’s lyrics. Employing a qualitative interpretive case study design, the data were collected through documentary analysis of selected song lyrics and examined using textual deconstruction, semantic analysis, and philosophical interpretation. The findings reveal that the lyrics consistently construct philosophical meaning through existential rebellion and the rejection of religious absolutism. Identity is articulated through extreme and transgressive language, positioning both individual and collective selves as subjects of resistance against dominant religious and social authority. Ideologically, the album promotes values of autonomy, chaos, and freedom through inverted religious symbols, particularly the figure of Lucifer as a representation of enlightenment and defiance. These three dimensions operate as an integrated system in which philosophical meaning enables identity formation and reinforces an ideology of resistance.
Philosophy Of Language; Identity Construction; Ideological Symbolism; Extreme Metal Lyrics; Semiotic Analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 Saiyidinal Firdaus (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementasi Hadis Nabi Tentang Akad Jual Beli Dalam Transaksi Digital Via QRIS
The development of information technology has transformed the economic transaction system in society, including through the digital payment system Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS), which is increasingly widely used in Indonesia. This development raises questions regarding its compatibility with the principles of buying and selling found in the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). This study aims to examine the implementation of the Prophet’s hadith on sales contracts in digital transactions through QRIS and to assess its conformity with the principles of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh al-mu‘āmalah). This research employs a qualitative approach using a library research method. The data sources include hadith collections, classical and contemporary fiqh literature, regulations related to QRIS, and relevant scholarly works. The data are analyzed descriptively and comparatively by explaining the concept of sales contracts in the hadith and comparing them with the transaction mechanisms in the QRIS system. The findings indicate that the principles of mutual consent, clarity of information, and the avoidance of uncertainty (gharar) are generally reflected in the QRIS mechanism. However, several issues remain, such as the limited application of the concept of khiyār, the difficulty of canceling transactions, and the unclear concept of tafarruq in digital transactions. These findings suggest that, in principle, QRIS does not contradict Islamic law.
Hadith, Buying and Selling Contracts, QRIS, Digital Transactions, Fiqh Muamalah, Khiyār
Copyright (c) 2026 Helga Juliya, Muhammad Rayya Akmal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Etika Memberi Nasehat Berdasarkan Kandungan Qs. Thaha Ayat 43–44 Dan Hadis “Ad-Dīn An-Naṣīhah”
Providing advice is an integral part of Islamic teachings in maintaining the quality of faith and improving people's morals. QS. Thaha verses 43–44 provide direct guidance on how Prophets Moses and Harun were instructed to advise Pharaoh in a gentle manner. The hadith "ad-dīn an-naṣīhah" also emphasizes the position of advice as the core of religion. This article aims to examine the ethics of giving advice based on these two sources using the library research method. The results of the study show that the ethics of giving advice in Islam include gentleness of speech, paying attention to the psychological condition of the object of advice, sincere intentions, wisdom in delivery, and making the common good the main goal. This ethics has a big impact on moral development, especially in the social context of modern society.
Ethics, Advice, QS. Thaha 43–44, Hadith Ad-Dīn An-Naṣīhah, Islamic Morals
Copyright (c) 2026 Dhaifil Ihsan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transnational Social Diplomacy of Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah through Non-Formal Education for Children of Indonesian Migrant Workers in Malaysia
The phenomenon of Indonesian labor migration to Malaysia has given rise to complex transnational social dynamics, particularly in relation to limited access to education for the children of migrant workers who do not have official documents. This study aims to analyze the practices of transnational social diplomacy carried out by Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah in the context of education for Indonesian migrant workers' children, by exploring the synergy between soft power and transnationalism approaches. The methods used are descriptive qualitative through interviews, literature reviews, and related policy documents. The analysis was conducted thematically to identify the strategies, actors, and social implications of the implementation of cross-border educational diplomacy. The results of the study show that NU and Muhammadiyah play a role in strengthening Indonesia's image as a moderate and civilized country through value-based educational diplomacy practices. The establishment of community learning institutions, collaboration with the Indonesian Embassy and the Indonesian School in Kuala Lumpur (SIKL), and the adaptation of a contextual curriculum have formed an effective humanitarian diplomacy ecosystem. This diplomacy strengthens Indonesia's moral appeal, builds solidarity between countries, and strengthens Indonesia's moral leadership in the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fiya Ainur Rohmatika, Dewi Anjani Kartika Putri , Andhika Nur Kurniawan , Zidna Alaal Mujtaba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tadarruj dan Pendekatan Humanis dalam Pembentukan Hukum Islam: Studi Sejarah Sosial Pengharaman Khamr
The principle of tadarruj is a principle of law-making that is carried out gradually, taking into account the level of readiness of society to accept Sharia provisions. This article examines the principle of tadarruj and a humanistic approach in the formation of Islamic law, with an emphasis on the historical-social study of the prohibition of khamr (intoxicants). This study aims to analyze the role of the principle of tadarruj in the process of establishing the prohibition of khamr and to examine its relevance in the development of Islamic law in the contemporary era. This research uses a qualitative method with library research. The approach employed is a historical-sociological approach through the study of primary sources, namely the Qur’an and Hadith, as well as secondary sources from books and national journals in the field of Islamic law. The results indicate that the prohibition of khamr was implemented in several stages, adjusted to the social and psychological conditions of pre-Islamic Arab society. The pattern of legal determination reflects a humanistic approach in Islamic law, where humans are seen as subjects of the law who have limitations and require a process of adjustment in accepting the provisions of the sharia. This study concludes that the principle of tadarruj and the humanistic approach have significant relevance in shaping Islamic law that is adaptive, contextual, and oriented towards welfare and social justice.
Principle of Tadarruj; Humanistic Approach; Prohibition of Khamr; Islamic Law
Copyright (c) 2026 Angga Lestari Nugraha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Karakterisitik Tafsir al-Qur´an: Menggunakan Pendapat Sahabat
This study aims to determine the method of interpreting the Qur'an with the opinions of the companions. According to al-Suyuti in the book al-Itqon fi 'Ulum al-Qur'an, the famous companions were ten people, including four khulafa>'u al-rasyidin, Ibn Mas'ud, Ibn Abbas, Ubay Bin Ka'ab, Zaid Bin S|abit, Abu Musa Al-Asy'ari, Abdullah Ibn Zubair. The companions interpreted the Qur'an using several sources, namely: the Qur'an, the Qur'an with hadith, ijtihad and reason, qira'at, information from Christian and Jewish book experts and linguistics. This study is equipped with a method that uses analytical text, by collecting primary and secondary sources. The results of this study indicate that the interpretation of the Qur'an using the opinions of companions is one of the ijtihad known as atsar. The implications of this research are as a basis for interpretive studies and as comparative material in decision-making in the contemporary era.
Tafsir of the Koran, Friends' Opinions, Friends' History
Copyright (c) 2026 Samsul Maarif, Sulaeman, St. Magfirah Nasir, Muhammad aIkhlas Supardin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Perubahan Enzim Transaminase Paska Pemberian Terapi Antiretroviral pada Pasien Infeksi Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Antiretroviral therapy has been shown to reduce mortality in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected patients. However, this treatment is hepatotoxic particularly combination therapies, as the liver is the target organ for the metabolism of substrates used in antiretroviral therapy. This study aims to determine the changes in transaminase levels after antiretroviral therapy in these patients. This study was using prospective cohort, is conducted in 62 patients. The mean AST level was significantly higher 3 months after treatment than before (49.1 U/L vs. 47.9 U/L; p < 0.05), representing a 2.5% increase. The mean ALT level was significantly lower 3 months after treatment (37.5 U/L vs. 51.0 U/L; p < 0.05). The total lymphocyte count was significantly correlated with changes in ALT levels. In patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and receiving combination antiretroviral therapy, a decrease in ALT levels and an increase in AST levels are observed; therefore, it is necessary to monitor transaminase enzymes regularly.
Transaminase Enzyme; Antiretroviral Therapy; Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Copyright (c) 2026 Tri Susanti Wahyuputri, Andrian Novatmiko (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Status Pengembalian Barang Dalam Tindak Pidana Penggelapan
Embezzlement is a form of criminal act that attacks property interests and under the national criminal law system which has been updated is regulated in Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (New Criminal Code), particularly Article 486. In criminal justice practice, legal issues often arise regarding the extent to which the return of goods or compensation by the defendant affects the proof of the elements of the crime of embezzlement and the legal consequences. This paper aims to examine the evidential strength of the return of goods in embezzlement cases by reviewing it from the perspective of Indonesian criminal evidence law. The research method used is normative legal research with approaches of legislation, conceptual, and case approaches. The study results explain that the position of returning goods in the crime of embezzlement shows the fulfillment of the elements of embezzlement. Returning the goods does not eliminate the unlawful nature of the embezzlement act but still has juridical significance as a consideration for judges, especially in proving the elements of intent, the existence of losses, as well as in determining the type and severity of the imposed penalty, and it is possible to resolve it through a Restorative Justice approach.
Embezzlement, Return of Goods, Restorative Justice
Moderasi Beragama dalam Relasi Umat Islam dan Katolik di Kota Madiun
Indonesia, with its diverse ethnicities, cultures, and religions, requires mutual respect, making religious moderation crucial to fostering harmony. The purpose of this study was to determine how religious moderation and the relationship between Muslims and Catholics are affected. The study employed a qualitative approach with a case study conducted in the area surrounding the Saint Cornelius Parish Church in Madiun City. Data collection was conducted through field observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The results indicate that religious moderation in Madiun City is manifested through an attitude of tolerance (tasāmuh), respect for Catholic religious traditions, rejection of violence, commitment to nationalism, and an orientation toward the common good. Muslims, as the majority group, play an active role in creating harmonious social relations, including through acceptance of interfaith social activities, involvement in securing Catholic religious celebrations, and interfaith humanitarian cooperation in disaster management and environmental issues. The relationship between Muslims and Catholics in Madiun City demonstrates that a just, balanced, and mutually beneficial religious attitude can serve as the foundation for a harmonious, civilized multireligious society.
Religious Moderation; Relationships; Islam; Catholic
Copyright (c) 2026 Rosyida Nurul Anwar, Annisa Prastiwi, Alia Putri Indrayani, Rika Danang Fauzan, Margareta Bidari Setia Cahyani, Lufiagta Palupi Ariesa Putri, Rya Dwi Agustin, Vanvessa Putri Sandova Haryadi, Brian Aji Alfiansyah, Garin Mayori Sebastian (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Grace As The Basis Of Salvation In Ephesians 2:1–10: Exegetical Theological Analysis And Its Implications For The Formation Of The Contemporary Christian Faith
This study departs from the diversity of theological interpretations of the relationship between grace, faith, and deeds, which in practice have the potential to influence the understanding of faith, Christian ethics, and church life today. The purpose of this study is to examine exegetically-theologically the Apostle Paul's thinking on grace in the work of salvation as stated in Ephesians 2:1–10, and to examine its relevance to the formation of believers' faith in the contemporary Christian context. This study uses a qualitative method with an exegetical-theological analysis approach, which includes the study of the historical context of the writing of the Ephesians, the analysis of the literary structure of the passages, and the study of key theological terms related to sin, salvation, faith, and good works. The results of the study show that according to Paul, the condition of man before receiving salvation is that of spiritual death because of sin and transgression, being under God's wrath, and not having the ability to save himself. Salvation is fully an initiative of God's grace revealed through Christ's redemptive work and accepted by man through faith. Good deeds are not the basis or condition of salvation, but are the fruits and consequences of the salvation that Allah has bestowed upon them. These findings confirm that God's grace does not negate the ethical responsibility of believers, but rather forms the basis for a sustainable transformation of life. Believers who live in grace are called to live in holiness, to do the good works that God has prepared, and to grow toward maturity of faith. Thus, grace serves not only as a soteriological basis, but also as a foundation for the formation of a dynamic and contextual Christian faith. This research contributes to the study of Paul's biblical theology and soteriology by elucidating the relationship between grace, faith, and works, and offers a relevant theological framework for the understanding and practice of the Christian faith in the context of the church and contemporary society.
Grace; Safety; Ephesians 2:1–10; Theological Exegesis; Formation Of The Christian Faith
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatieli Zai, Henriete Lydia, Sabarani Waruwu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gendered Radicalization of Migrant Workers: An Analysis of the Anindia Afiyantari Case and Indonesia's Deradicalization Policy
This study examines the phenomenon of gender-based radicalization targeting Indonesian female migrant workers within transnational terrorism networks. Framed by the increasing strategic roles of women in extremism and the unique vulnerabilities of migrant labor. This research aims to analyze the socio-economic and gendered drivers of radicalization, elucidate its transnational digital mechanisms, and evaluate the responsiveness of Indonesia's deradicalization policy. Utilizing a qualitative descriptive-analytical method with a critical feminism lens, this library research conducts an in-depth case study of Anindia Afiyantari, an Indonesian worker in Singapore who financed ISIS. The findings reveal that radicalization is fueled by intersectional vulnerabilities economic precarity, social alienation, and identity crises exploited through digital diaspora networks. The analysis concludes that Indonesia's national deradicalization framework, led by BNPT, suffers from a significant gender-blind spot and lacks a transnational approach, rendering it ineffective for migrant workers. The study implies the need for a paradigmatic shift from state security to a human security approach, recommending the integration of gender-sensitive modules, enhanced ASEAN cooperation, and policy synergy between security and migrant protection agencies to build holistic resilience.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roudhoh Hannaaris Sa’id, Achmad Aqiel , Muhammad Diaz Supandi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implementasi Islam Nusantara oleh Guru PAI dalam Pembentukan Karakter di SDN 2 Cilingga
This study aims to describe in depth the implementation of religious habituation based on Islam Nusantara as a strategy employed by Islamic Education teachers (PAI teachers) to build students’ character at SDN 2 Cilingga. The background of this research is grounded in the urgency of strengthening religious-moderate character education amid the challenges of globalization, the massive flow of information, and the potential emergence of intolerance among students from an early age. This research adopts a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, limited participatory observation, and documentation study. Data analysis was conducted using Miles and Huberman’s interactive model, which includes data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that the implementation of religious habituation based on Islam Nusantara at SDN 2 Cilingga is carried out systematically through the application of management functions known as POAC (Planning, Organizing, Actuating, and Controlling). In the planning stage, PAI teachers integrate the core values of Islam Nusantara—tawasuth (moderation), tasamuh (tolerance), tawazun (balance), and i’tidal (justice)—into habituation programs and instructional planning. The implementation stage emphasizes teacher role modeling and is realized through routine, spontaneous, and programmed activities that balance religious rituals with social character formation. The impact of this implementation is reflected in the development of students’ religious-moderate character, tolerance, and nationalism. The main challenge lies in maintaining consistent supervision; however, this issue is addressed through strengthened coordination among school stakeholders. This study concludes that religious habituation based on Islam Nusantara is an effective and contextual strategy for character building in elementary schools.
Islam Nusantara; Islamic Education Teacher; Character Education
Copyright (c) 2026 Eman Sulaeman, Muti’ah, Wika Witalikrama Febrian, Dede Nurjaman, Yana Taryana, Ahmad Husaeni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This study examines the concept of asbāb al-nuzūl and the chronology of the revelation of the Qur'an by tracing the methodological principles agreed upon by scholars, its epistemological function in interpretation, and the construction of the chronology of revelation compiled by Muslim Muslim and Western scholars. Specifically, this study examines five fundamental principles of asbāb al-nuzūl, their urgency in understanding the verses of the Qur'an, and how the historical context of revelation influences the establishment of law and the interpretation of text. The research method applied in this study is qualitative research, using a descriptive historical approach. In addition, this study compares two models of revelation chronology, namely the seven marhalah chronology version of Muhammad Abid al-Jabirī and the four periodization version of Theodore Noldeke. Both models are analyzed to see their methodological contributions to contemporary Qur'anic studies. The results of the study show that asbāb al-nuzūl plays an important role in maintaining the accuracy of interpretation, preventing misunderstandings of the meaning of verses, and explaining the wisdom behind the legislation of laws. Meanwhile, the study of the chronology of revelation provides a historical framework that enriches the thematic and contextual approaches to the interpretation of the Qur'an.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Riyadh Al-Shalihin, Halimah Basri, Andi Miswar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hak Waris Perempuan Dalam Islam: Tantangan Dan Solusi
Women’s inheritance rights in Islam have long been the subject of debate, particularly when confronted with modern gender equality discourse and the persistence of patriarchal social practices. This article aims to examine the concept of women’s inheritance rights in Islam both normatively and contextually, by highlighting socio-cultural challenges and offering solutions grounded in Islamic law. The study employs a qualitative approach through normative analysis of Qur’anic verses, principles of Islamic inheritance law (fiqh al-mawārīth), and contemporary discussions on gender justice. The findings show that Islam explicitly recognizes women as legal subjects with full inheritance rights, as affirmed in Surah al-Nisā’ (4:7). The differences in inheritance shares between men and women are not discriminatory but are based on a balance between economic rights and responsibilities. The main challenges in implementing women’s inheritance rights arise more from the dominance of customary traditions, low legal literacy, and power relations within social structures.Modern gender equality critiques of Islamic inheritance law generally stem from differing paradigms of justice and partial readings of the Islamic legal system. This article emphasizes that Islam provides various practical instruments—such as wills (waṣiyyah), grants (hibah), and the maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah (objectives of Islamic law)to realize substantive justice for women. Therefore, the primary urgency lies in the recontextualization and comprehensive understanding of Islamic inheritance law, rather than altering the divine legal texts (nash syarī‘ah).
Copyright (c) 2026 Syahyawi Erpan, St. Magfirah Nasir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This article discusses the standardization of the Ottoman Qur'an, including the background, characteristics, and distribution process of the Qur'an. This study aims to determine the process of standardization of the Ottoman Qur'an and the background of its standardization. The research method applied in this study is qualitative research, using library research sources with a historical descriptive approach. The results of this study indicate that the standardization of the Qur'an writing during the Caliph Uthman ibn Affan era was a strategic step to maintain the unity of the Muslim community and avoid differences and conflicts in reading the Qur'an. The Ottoman Qur'an has distinctive characteristics, including using the tartib Qur'an, containing 114 surahs, and written in the Quraysh dialect as a form of linguistic consistency. The standardization of the Ottoman Qur'an made a significant contribution to maintaining the unity of the Muslim community. With the existence of a standard Qur'an, conflicts and differences in related readings that have the potential to cause division can be minimized.cahan dapat diminimalisasi.
Standardization; the Qur’an; the Ottoman Mushaf
Copyright (c) 2026 Feri Satriawan, Halimah Basri, Andi Miswar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Otentisitas dan Integritas Mushaf Utsmani dalam Perspektif Sejarah
This study examines the authenticity and integrity of the Mushaf Utsmani from the perspective of the historical codification of the Qur’an, spanning from the period of Caliph Abu Bakr al-Ṣiddīq to that of Caliph ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān, as well as the dynamics of internal criticism within Islam and Western scholarly views on the transmission of the Qur’anic text. The study aims to explain the process of the codification of the Mushaf Utsmani, analyze the forms of criticism directed toward it, and assess the role of ancient Qur’anic manuscript findings in affirming the stability of the Qur’anic text. This research employs a qualitative method using historical-critical and philological approaches through library research on classical sources, Western scholarship, and studies of early Qur’anic manuscripts. The findings indicate that the codification of the Mushaf Utsmani was carried out through a multi-layered verification mechanism that integrated memorization and written documentation by the Companions, thereby preserving the authenticity of the Qur’anic text since the early Islamic period. Internal criticisms that emerged were limited in scope and predominantly theological-political in nature, while modern manuscript studies, such as those on the Ṣanʿāʾ and Topkapi manuscripts, instead reinforce the stability and authenticity of the Qur’anic text and challenge early orientalist skepticism toward the Mushaf Utsmani.
Uthmanic Mushaf; Qur’anic Codification; Textual Authenticity; Qur’anic Manuscripts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ardiansyah, Halimah Basri, Andi Miswar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Membangun Pemahaman Spiritual dalam Tafsir Ayat Ayat Hati dalam Perspektif Tafsir Quran Karim Karya Mahmud Yunus
The decline of human spiritual and moral awareness is a problem that must be addressed in order to build a pure and strong spirituality. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the spiritual understanding of the verses of the heart in Mahmud Yunus's Tafsir Qur’an Karim and its relevance to the development of contemporary Islamic society. The method used in this study is library research with a qualitative approach and thematic analysis, where Tafsir Qur’an Karim serves as the primary source and journals as secondary sources. The results of this study show that Mahmud Yunus positions the heart as the center of spiritual, moral, and ethical awareness within humans. The condition of the heart is understood as the result of a strong interaction between faith, deeds, and life experiences. Thus, in essence, spirituality is not absolute but rather responsive and educational in nature. The implication of this research is the hope that it will contribute to the enrichment of the study of exegesis in the Nusantara and serve as an integrative, contextual, and practical spiritual model in addressing the crisis of spiritual identity in the modern era
Spiritual Understanding; Verses Of The Heart; Tafsir Of The Holy Quran
Copyright (c) 2026 Muh. Sofyan, ST. Magfirah Nasir, Yusran Ahmadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Filsafat Politik untuk Zaman Retak: Reformasi Moral Al-Ghazali bagi Tata Kelola Negara Modern
Modern state management crisis is shown by the weakening of political ethics, the increasing corruption, and the decreasing public trust in government institutions. This situation shows a gap between the current government practices (das sein) and the ideal, just state management (das sollen). This journal aims to analyze the concept of moral reform by Al-Ghazali and its relevance to modern state management. The research method used is a library study with a philosophical-normative approach through analysis of Al-Ghazali's works and related scientific literature. The findings show that Al-Ghazali places morality as the main foundation of political power, where rulers are seen as holders of trust who must govern fairly and responsibly. The moral reform proposed by Al-Ghazali is relevant for strengthening the principles of good governance that focus on integrity, justice, and public welfare.
Al-Ghazali; Governance Ethics; Moral Leadership; Moral Reform;State Governance
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Didit Dermawan Rola, Nurlaelah Abbas, Usman Jafar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0